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中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
报告显示：超六成受访者认为应强制企业公开算法****** 光明网讯（记者 李政葳）“当前，国内对于算法治理的基本思路和框架都是清晰的，而分级分类精准治理的模式应当可以解决如何落实的问题。”在日前举办的“2022啄木鸟数据治理论坛”上，谈及算法治理的现状，清华大学人工智能国际治理研究院副院长、人工智能治理研究中心主任梁正表示，算法分级分类本身不是目标，而是要针对不同风险场景配备不同监管规则。 论坛由南都个人信息保护研究中心联合清华大学人工智能国际治理研究院、人工智能治理研究中心（清华大学）主办。其间，南都个人信息保护研究中心发布《算法应用与治理观察报告》《个人信息安全年度报告》《平台经济反垄断观察报告》。 记者了解到，《算法应用与治理观察报告（2022）》，梳理了国内外的多项法规，结合热点事件及应用场景呈现了算法治理现状，并发布千份算法治理调查问卷了解公众对算法公开和算法治理的了解程度和基本态度，最后基于多方调查分析，给出了当前算法趋势观察以及未来治理方向建议。 报告发现，目前国内算法治理仍处于早期探索阶段，企业的算法公开主要依靠官方的互联网信息服务算法备案系统，或在舆情事件发生之后。调查问卷结果显示，近半受访者承认算法让自己的使用体验更好，但仅一成受访者认为企业算法公开做得很好，逾六成的受访者称曾遭遇“大数据杀熟”；超过六成的受访者认为应该强制企业公开算法。 “在数据、算法方面治理政策进展显著，在平台与应用方面的政策和落地尚需加紧。”中国科学院人工智能伦理与治理研究中心主任、国家新一代人工智能治理专委会委员曾毅认为，目前人工智能伦理有三个相当紧迫的问题需要被正视：首先，人工智能应当被适度使用；其次，目前人工智能服务知情同意落地艰难，被迫知情同意普遍存在；最后，目前用户数据的授权撤销在人工智能服务中存在巨大挑战，需要监管和更高层的网络服务提供方联合提出更合理的政策与解决方案。 针对日前发布的《互联网信息服务深度合成管理规定》，中国政法大学数据法治研究院教授张凌寒表示，从算法治理角度来说，深度合成管理规定与之前的算法推荐管理规定的思路有所不同，前者采用了一种“三位一体由的数据与技术规范。 具体来讲，由于深度合成技术的门槛较高，技术支持者也被纳入了监管范围内。比如，深度合成服务提供者提供智能对话、合成人声、人脸生成、沉浸式拟真场景等服务，应当进行显著标识，这就将更重的责任落在了服务提供者身上。 中国社科院科技和社会研究中心主任段伟文提到，算法治理需要构建可信任的算法认知，而这需要产业和消费者的共同努力：产业要努力提升算法精准性、透明度，减少偏见，减少歧视；消费者则需要提高数字素养，提升算法意识，加强在人机互动中自主性、控制感和协同意识。 （文图：赵筱尘 巫邓炎） [责编：天天中] 阅读剩余全文（）  视觉焦点
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